在办公自动化领域,如何高效地处理 Word 文档的样式和内容复制是一个常见需求。本文将通过一个完整的代码示例,展示如何利用 Python 的 python-docx
库实现 Word 文档样式的深度复制 和 动态内容生成,并结合知识库中的最佳实践优化文档处理流程。
一、为什么需要自动化 Word 文档处理?
手动处理 Word 文档(如复制样式、插入表格/图片)不仅耗时且容易出错。Python 提供了多种库(如 python-docx
、pywin32
、Spire.Doc
)来自动化这些任务。例如,python-docx
可以直接操作 .docx
文件的段落、表格和样式,而无需依赖 Microsoft Office 软件。
二、核心功能实现:样式与表格的深度复制
1. 表格复制(含样式与内容)
以下函数 clone_table
实现了表格的 结构、样式和内容 的完整复制:
def clone_table(old_table, new_doc):
"""根据旧表格创建新表格"""
# 创建新表格(行列数与原表一致)
new_table = new_doc.add_table(rows=len(old_table.rows), cols=len(old_table.columns))
# 复制表格样式(如边框、背景色)
if old_table.style:
new_table.style = old_table.style
# 遍历单元格内容与样式
for i, old_row in enumerate(old_table.rows):
for j, old_cell in enumerate(old_row.cells):
new_cell = new_table.cell(i, j)
# 清空新单元格默认段落
for paragraph in new_cell.paragraphs:
new_cell._element.remove(paragraph._element)
# 复制段落与样式
for old_paragraph in old_cell.paragraphs:
new_paragraph = new_cell.add_paragraph()
for old_run in old_paragraph.runs:
new_run = new_paragraph.add_run(old_run.text)
copy_paragraph_style(old_run, new_run) # 自定义样式复制函数
new_paragraph.alignment = old_paragraph.alignment
copy_cell_borders(old_cell, new_cell) # 复制单元格边框
# 复制列宽
for i, col in enumerate(old_table.columns):
if col.width is not None:
new_table.columns[i].width = col.width
return new_table
关键点解析:
- 表格样式保留:通过
new_table.style = old_table.style
直接继承原表格的样式。 - 单元格内容与格式分离处理:先清空新单元格的默认段落,再逐行复制文本和样式。
- 边框与列宽:通过
copy_cell_borders
和列宽设置确保视觉一致性。
2. 文档整体样式复制与内容生成
以下函数 clone_document
实现了从模板文档提取样式,并动态填充内容:
def clone_document(old_s, old_p, old_ws, new_doc_path):
new_doc = Document() # 创建新文档
# 动态填充内容
for para in old_p:
k, v = para["sn"], para["ct"] # 假设 old_p 包含样式名(sn)和内容(ct)
if "image" in v:
# 插入图片(需实现 copy_inline_shapes 函数)
copy_inline_shapes(new_doc, k, [i for i in old_s if v in i][0][v])
elif "table" == k:
# 插入表格(需实现 html_table_to_docx 函数)
html_table_to_docx(new_doc, v)
else:
# 段落处理
style = [i for i in old_s if i["style"]["sn"] == k]
style_ws = [i for i in old_ws if i["style"]["sn"] == k]
clone_paragraph(style[0], v, new_doc, style_ws[0]) # 克隆段落样式
new_doc.save(new_doc_path) # 保存新文档
数据结构说明:
old_s
:模板文档的样式定义(如字体、段落对齐方式)。old_p
:内容数据(含样式标签与实际内容)。old_ws
:工作表上下文(如表格所在位置)。
三、完整流程演示
1. 依赖准备
首先安装 python-docx
:
pip install python-docx
2. 辅助函数实现
以下函数需额外实现(代码未展示完整):
copy_paragraph_style
:复制段落样式(如字体、颜色)。copy_cell_borders
:复制单元格边框样式。get_para_style
:从模板文档提取样式。html_table_to_docx
:将 HTML 表格转换为 Word 表格。
3. 主程序调用
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 从模板提取样式与工作表
body_ws, _ = get_para_style('demo_template.docx')
body_s, body_p = get_para_style("1.docx")
# 从 JSON 文件加载内容
with open("1.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
body_p = json.loads(f.read())
# 生成新文档
clone_document(body_s, body_p, body_ws, 'cloned_example.docx')
四、实际应用场景
-
报告自动生成
结合模板样式,动态填充数据库数据生成标准化报告。 -
批量文档处理
将多个 Excel 表格批量转换为 Word 文档(参考知识库中的pywin32
与python-docx
联合使用)。 -
博客内容迁移
将 Word 文档保存为 HTML 后,按知识库中的步骤导入 ZBlog 或 WordPress(见知识库 [2] 和 [5])。
五、常见问题与优化建议
1. 样式丢失问题
- 原因:Word 文档的样式可能依赖隐式继承。
- 解决方案:使用
python-docx
的style
属性显式设置样式,或参考知识库 [7] 使用Spire.Doc
进行更复杂的样式处理。
2. 图片与表格嵌入异常
- 原因:路径错误或资源未正确加载。
- 解决方案:确保图片路径绝对化,或使用
docx.shared.Inches
显式指定尺寸。
3. 性能优化
- 大文档处理:避免频繁调用
add_paragraph
,改用批量操作。 - 内存管理:及时释放
Document
对象(如doc = None
)。
六、总结
通过本文的代码示例和解析,您已掌握如何使用 Python 实现 Word 文档的 样式深度复制 和 动态内容生成。结合知识库中的其他技术(如 ZBlog 导入、Office 自动化),可进一步扩展至完整的文档工作流自动化。
希望这篇博客能帮助您高效实现文档自动化!如需进一步优化或功能扩展,欢迎留言讨论。
from docx.enum.text import WD_BREAK
from docx import Document
from docx.enum.text import WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH
from docx.oxml import OxmlElement
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from docx.oxml.ns import qn
def docx_table_to_html(word_table):
soup = BeautifulSoup(features='html.parser')
html_table = soup.new_tag('table', style="border-collapse: collapse;")
# 记录哪些单元格已经被合并
merged_cells = [[False for _ in range(len(word_table.columns))] for _ in range(len(word_table.rows))]
for row_idx, row in enumerate(word_table.rows):
html_tr = soup.new_tag('tr')
col_idx = 0
while col_idx < len(row.cells):
cell = row.cells[col_idx]
# 如果该单元格已经被合并(被前面的 colspan 或 rowspan 占用),跳过
if merged_cells[row_idx][col_idx]:
col_idx += 1
continue
# 跳过纵向合并中被“continue”的单元格
v_merge = cell._element.tcPr and cell._element.tcPr.find(qn('w:vMerge'))
if v_merge is not None and v_merge.get(qn('w:val')) == 'continue':
col_idx += 1
continue
td = soup.new_tag('td')
# 设置文本内容
td.string = cell.text.strip()
# 初始化样式字符串
td_style = ''
# 获取单元格样式
if cell._element.tcPr:
tc_pr = cell._element.tcPr
# 处理背景颜色
shd = tc_pr.find(qn('w:shd'))
if shd is not None:
bg_color = shd.get(qn('w:fill'))
if bg_color:
td_style += f'background-color:#{bg_color};'
# 处理对齐方式
jc = tc_pr.find(qn('w:jc'))
if jc is not None:
align = jc.get(qn('w:val'))
if align == 'center':
td_style += 'text-align:center;'
elif align == 'right':
td_style += 'text-align:right;'
else:
td_style += 'text-align:left;'
# 处理边框
borders = tc_pr.find(qn('w:tcBorders'))
if borders is not None:
for border_type in ['top', 'left', 'bottom', 'right']:
border = borders.find(qn(f'w:{border_type}'))
if border is not None:
color = border.get(qn('w:color'), '000000')
size = int(border.get(qn('w:sz'), '4')) # 半点单位,1pt = 2sz
style = border.get(qn('w:val'), 'single')
td_style += f'border-{border_type}:{size // 2}px {style} #{color};'
# 处理横向合并(colspan)
grid_span = tc_pr.find(qn('w:gridSpan'))
if grid_span is not None:
colspan = int(grid_span.get(qn('w:val'), '1'))
if colspan > 1:
td['colspan'] = colspan
# 标记后面被合并的单元格
for c in range(col_idx + 1, col_idx + colspan):
if c < len(row.cells):
merged_cells[row_idx][c] = True
# 处理纵向合并(rowspan)
v_merge = tc_pr.find(qn('w:vMerge'))
if v_merge is not None and v_merge.get(qn('w:val')) != 'continue':
rowspan = 1
next_row_idx = row_idx + 1
while next_row_idx < len(word_table.rows):
next_cell = word_table.rows[next_row_idx].cells[col_idx]
next_v_merge = next_cell._element.tcPr and next_cell._element.tcPr.find(qn('w:vMerge'))
if next_v_merge is not None and next_v_merge.get(qn('w:val')) == 'continue':
rowspan += 1
next_row_idx += 1
else:
break
if rowspan > 1:
td['rowspan'] = rowspan
# 标记后面被合并的行
for r in range(row_idx + 1, row_idx + rowspan):
if r < len(word_table.rows):
merged_cells[r][col_idx] = True
# 设置样式和默认边距
td['style'] = td_style + "padding: 5px;"
html_tr.append(td)
# 更新列索引
if 'colspan' in td.attrs:
col_idx += int(td['colspan'])
else:
col_idx += 1
html_table.append(html_tr)
soup.append(html_table)
return str(soup)
def set_cell_background(cell, color_hex):
"""设置单元格背景色"""
color_hex = color_hex.lstrip('#')
shading_elm = OxmlElement('w:shd')
shading_elm.set(qn('w:fill'), color_hex)
cell._tc.get_or_add_tcPr().append(shading_elm)
def html_table_to_docx(doc, html_content):
"""
将 HTML 中的表格转换为 Word 文档中的表格
:param html_content: HTML 字符串
:param doc: python-docx Document 实例
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'html.parser')
tables = soup.find_all('table')
for html_table in tables:
# 获取表格行数
trs = html_table.find_all('tr')
rows = len(trs)
# 估算最大列数(考虑 colspan)
cols = 0
for tr in trs:
col_count = 0
for cell in tr.find_all(['td', 'th']):
col_count += int(cell.get('colspan', 1))
cols = max(cols, col_count)
# 创建 Word 表格
table = doc.add_table(rows=rows, cols=cols)
table.style = 'Table Grid'
# 记录已处理的单元格(用于处理合并)
used_cells = [[False for _ in range(cols)] for _ in range(rows)]
for row_idx, tr in enumerate(trs):
cells = tr.find_all(['td', 'th'])
col_idx = 0
for cell in cells:
while col_idx < cols and used_cells[row_idx][col_idx]:
col_idx += 1
if col_idx >= cols:
break # 避免越界
# 获取 colspan 和 rowspan
colspan = int(cell.get('colspan', 1))
rowspan = int(cell.get('rowspan', 1))
# 获取文本内容
text = cell.get_text(strip=True)
# 获取对齐方式
align = cell.get('align')
align_map = {
'left': WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.LEFT,
'center': WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.CENTER,
'right': WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.RIGHT
}
# 获取背景颜色
style = cell.get('style', '')
bg_color = None
for s in style.split(';'):
if 'background-color' in s or 'background' in s:
bg_color = s.split(':')[1].strip()
break
# 获取 Word 单元格
word_cell = table.cell(row_idx, col_idx)
# 合并单元格
if colspan > 1 or rowspan > 1:
end_row = min(row_idx + rowspan - 1, rows - 1)
end_col = min(col_idx + colspan - 1, cols - 1)
merged_cell = table.cell(row_idx, col_idx).merge(table.cell(end_row, end_col))
word_cell = merged_cell
# 设置文本内容
para = word_cell.paragraphs[0]
para.text = text
# 设置对齐方式
if align in align_map:
para.alignment = align_map[align]
# 设置背景颜色
if bg_color:
try:
set_cell_background(word_cell, bg_color)
except:
pass # 忽略无效颜色格式
# 标记已使用的单元格
for r in range(row_idx, min(row_idx + rowspan, rows)):
for c in range(col_idx, min(col_idx + colspan, cols)):
used_cells[r][c] = True
# 移动到下一个可用列
col_idx += colspan
# 添加空段落分隔
doc.add_paragraph()
return doc
def copy_inline_shapes(old_paragraph):
"""复制段落中的所有内嵌形状(通常是图片)"""
images = []
for shape in old_paragraph._element.xpath('.//w:drawing'):
blip = shape.find('.//a:blip', namespaces={'a': 'http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main'})
if blip is not None:
rId = blip.attrib['{http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships}embed']
image_part = old_paragraph.part.related_parts[rId]
image_bytes = image_part.image.blob
image_name=image_part.filename+";"+image_part.partname
images.append([image_bytes,image_name, image_part.image.width, image_part.image.height])
return images
def is_page_break(element):
"""判断元素是否为分页符(段落或表格后)"""
if element.tag.endswith('p'):
for child in element:
if child.tag.endswith('br') and child.get(qn('type')) == 'page':
return True
elif element.tag.endswith('tbl'):
# 表格后可能有分页符(通过下一个元素判断)
if element.getnext() is not None:
next_element = element.getnext()
if next_element.tag.endswith('p'):
for child in next_element:
if child.tag.endswith('br') and child.get(qn('type')) == 'page':
return True
return False
def clone_paragraph(old_para):
"""根据旧段落创建新段落"""
style = {"run_style": []}
if old_para.style:
# 这里保存style 主要通过字体识别 是 几级标题
style_name_to_style_obj = {"sn":old_para.style.name + "_" + str(old_para.alignment).split()[0], "ct": old_para.style}
style["style"] = style_name_to_style_obj
paras = []
for old_run in old_para.runs:
text_to_style_name = {"ct":old_run.text, "sn":old_para.style.name + "_" + str(old_para.alignment).split()[0]}
style["run_style"].append(old_run)
paras.append(text_to_style_name)
style_name_to_alignment = {"sn":old_para.style.name + "_" + str(old_para.alignment).split()[0],"ct":old_para.alignment}
style["alignment"] = style_name_to_alignment
images = copy_inline_shapes(old_para)
if len(images):
for image_bytes,image_name, image_width, image_height in images:
style[image_name.split(";")[-1]] = images
paras.append({"sn":image_name.split(";")[0],"ct":image_name.split(";")[-1]})
return style, paras
def clone_document(old_doc_path):
try:
old_doc = Document(old_doc_path)
new_doc = Document()
# 复制主体内容
elements = old_doc.element.body
para_index = 0
table_index = 0
index = 0
body_style = []
body_paras = []
while index < len(elements):
element = elements[index]
if element.tag.endswith('p'):
old_para = old_doc.paragraphs[para_index]
style, paras = clone_paragraph(old_para)
body_style.append(style)
body_paras += paras
para_index += 1
index += 1
elif element.tag.endswith('tbl'):
old_table = old_doc.tables[table_index]
body_paras += [{"sn":"table","ct":docx_table_to_html(old_table)}]
table_index += 1
index += 1
elif element.tag.endswith('br') and element.get(qn('type')) == 'page':
if index > 0:
body_paras.append("br")
new_doc.add_paragraph().add_run().add_break(WD_BREAK.PAGE)
index += 1
else:
index += 1
# 检查分页符
if index < len(elements) and is_page_break(elements[index]):
if index > 0:
new_doc.add_paragraph().add_run().add_break(WD_BREAK.PAGE)
body_paras.append("br")
index += 1
else:
return body_style, body_paras
except Exception as e:
print(f"复制文档时发生错误:{e}")
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 示例HTML表格
body_s, body_p = clone_document('1.docx')
print()
import json
from docx import Document
from docx.oxml import OxmlElement
from docx.oxml.shared import qn
from wan_neng_copy_word import clone_document as get_para_style,html_table_to_docx
import io
# 剩余部分保持不变...
def copy_inline_shapes(new_doc,image_name, img):
"""复制段落中的所有内嵌形状(通常是图片)"""
new_para = new_doc.add_paragraph()
for image_bytes_src,_, w, h in img:
try:
with open(image_name, 'rb') as f:
image_bytes = f.read()
except:
image_bytes = image_bytes_src
# 添加图片到新段落
new_para.add_run().add_picture(io.BytesIO(image_bytes), width=w, height=h) # 设置宽度为1.25英寸或其他合适的值
def copy_paragraph_style(run_from, run_to):
"""复制 run 的样式"""
run_to.bold = run_from.bold
run_to.italic = run_from.italic
run_to.underline = run_from.underline
run_to.font.size = run_from.font.size
run_to.font.color.rgb = run_from.font.color.rgb
run_to.font.name = run_from.font.name
run_to.font.all_caps = run_from.font.all_caps
run_to.font.strike = run_from.font.strike
run_to.font.shadow = run_from.font.shadow
def is_page_break(element):
"""判断元素是否为分页符(段落或表格后)"""
if element.tag.endswith('p'):
for child in element:
if child.tag.endswith('br') and child.get(qn('type')) == 'page':
return True
elif element.tag.endswith('tbl'):
# 表格后可能有分页符(通过下一个元素判断)
if element.getnext() is not None:
next_element = element.getnext()
if next_element.tag.endswith('p'):
for child in next_element:
if child.tag.endswith('br') and child.get(qn('type')) == 'page':
return True
return False
def clone_paragraph(para_style, text, new_doc, para_style_ws):
"""根据旧段落创建新段落"""
new_para = new_doc.add_paragraph()
para_style_ws = para_style_ws["style"]["ct"]
para_style_data = para_style["style"]["ct"]
para_style_ws.font.size = para_style_data.font.size
new_para.style = para_style_ws
new_run = new_para.add_run(text)
copy_paragraph_style(para_style["run_style"][0], new_run)
new_para.alignment = para_style["alignment"]["ct"]
return new_para
def copy_cell_borders(old_cell, new_cell):
"""复制单元格的边框样式"""
old_tc = old_cell._tc
new_tc = new_cell._tc
old_borders = old_tc.xpath('.//w:tcBorders')
if old_borders:
old_border = old_borders[0]
new_border = OxmlElement('w:tcBorders')
border_types = ['top', 'left', 'bottom', 'right', 'insideH', 'insideV']
for border_type in border_types:
old_element = old_border.find(f'.//w:{border_type}', namespaces={
'w': 'http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main'
})
if old_element is not None:
new_element = OxmlElement(f'w:{border_type}')
for attr, value in old_element.attrib.items():
new_element.set(attr, value)
new_border.append(new_element)
tc_pr = new_tc.get_or_add_tcPr()
tc_pr.append(new_border)
def clone_table(old_table, new_doc):
"""根据旧表格创建新表格"""
new_table = new_doc.add_table(rows=len(old_table.rows), cols=len(old_table.columns))
if old_table.style:
new_table.style = old_table.style
for i, old_row in enumerate(old_table.rows):
for j, old_cell in enumerate(old_row.cells):
new_cell = new_table.cell(i, j)
for paragraph in new_cell.paragraphs:
new_cell._element.remove(paragraph._element)
for old_paragraph in old_cell.paragraphs:
new_paragraph = new_cell.add_paragraph()
for old_run in old_paragraph.runs:
new_run = new_paragraph.add_run(old_run.text)
copy_paragraph_style(old_run, new_run)
new_paragraph.alignment = old_paragraph.alignment
copy_cell_borders(old_cell, new_cell)
for i, col in enumerate(old_table.columns):
if col.width is not None:
new_table.columns[i].width = col.width
return new_table
def clone_document(old_s, old_p, old_ws, new_doc_path):
new_doc = Document()
# 复制主体内容
for para in old_p:
k, v =para["sn"],para["ct"]
if "image" in v:
copy_inline_shapes(new_doc,k, [i for i in old_s if v in i ][0][v])
elif "table" == k:
html_table_to_docx(new_doc,v)
else:
style = [i for i in old_s if i["style"]["sn"]==k ]
style_ws = [i for i in old_ws if i["style"]["sn"]==k ]
clone_paragraph(style[0], v, new_doc, style_ws[0])
new_doc.save(new_doc_path)
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
body_ws, _ = get_para_style('demo_template.docx')
body_s, body_p = get_para_style("1.docx")
# 将body_p 或者是压缩后的内容 给llm 如果希望llm 只是参考模版样式,可以压缩如果需要内容或者修改不可压缩
# 而后得到json 1.json 进行word生成
with open("1.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
body_p=json.loads(f.read())
print("获取样式完成",body_p)
clone_document(body_s, body_p, body_ws, 'cloned_example.docx')
from docx import Document
from docx.enum.text import WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH
# 创建一个新的Word文档
doc = Document()
for align in [WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.LEFT, WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.RIGHT, WD_ALIGN_PARAGRAPH.CENTER, None]:
for blod_flag in [True, False]:
# 获取所有可用的段落样式名(只保留段落样式)
paragraph_styles = [
style for style in doc.styles if style.type == 1 # type == 1 表示段落样式
]
# 输出样式数量
print(f"共找到 {len(paragraph_styles)} 种段落样式:")
for style in paragraph_styles:
print(f"- {style.name}")
# 在文档中添加每个样式对应的段落
for style in paragraph_styles:
heading = doc.add_paragraph()
run = heading.add_run(f"样式名称: {style.name}")
run.bold = blod_flag
para = doc.add_paragraph(f"这是一个应用了 '{style.name}' 样式的段落示例。", style=style)
para.alignment = align
# 添加分隔线(可选)
doc.add_paragraph("-" * 40)
# 保存为 demo_template.docx
doc.save("demo_template.docx")
print("\n✅ 已生成包含所有段落样式的模板文件:demo_template.docx")