使用Spring Boot与Spring Security构建安全的RESTful API

news2025/5/18 16:46:48

使用Spring Boot与Spring Security构建安全的RESTful API

引言

在现代Web应用开发中，安全性是不可忽视的重要环节。Spring Boot和Spring Security作为Java生态中的主流框架，为开发者提供了强大的工具来构建安全的RESTful API。本文将详细介绍如何结合Spring Boot和Spring Security，并利用JWT（JSON Web Token）实现身份验证与授权。

技术栈

核心框架: Spring Boot, Spring Security
身份验证: JWT
数据库: H2 (示例)
构建工具: Maven

项目初始化

首先，使用Spring Initializr创建一个新的Spring Boot项目，添加以下依赖：

Spring Web
Spring Security
H2 Database (用于示例)
JWT库 (如jjwt)

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
        <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
        <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
        <version>0.11.5</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
        <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
        <version>0.11.5</version>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
        <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
        <version>0.11.5</version>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

配置Spring Security

Spring Security默认会为所有端点启用基本认证。我们需要自定义配置以实现JWT认证。

创建一个配置类SecurityConfig：

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.csrf().disable()
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/auth/**").permitAll()
            .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
            .sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);

        http.addFilterBefore(jwtAuthenticationFilter(), UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
    }

    @Bean
    public JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtAuthenticationFilter() {
        return new JwtAuthenticationFilter();
    }
}

实现JWT生成与验证的逻辑：

@Component
public class JwtTokenProvider {

    @Value("${jwt.secret}")
    private String jwtSecret;

    @Value("${jwt.expiration}")
    private int jwtExpirationInMs;

    public String generateToken(Authentication authentication) {
        UserPrincipal userPrincipal = (UserPrincipal) authentication.getPrincipal();
        Date now = new Date();
        Date expiryDate = new Date(now.getTime() + jwtExpirationInMs);

        return Jwts.builder()
                .setSubject(Long.toString(userPrincipal.getId()))
                .setIssuedAt(new Date())
                .setExpiration(expiryDate)
                .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, jwtSecret)
                .compact();
    }

    public Long getUserIdFromJWT(String token) {
        Claims claims = Jwts.parser()
                .setSigningKey(jwtSecret)
                .parseClaimsJws(token)
                .getBody();

        return Long.parseLong(claims.getSubject());
    }

    public boolean validateToken(String authToken) {
        try {
            Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(jwtSecret).parseClaimsJws(authToken);
            return true;
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            // Log error
        }
        return false;
    }
}

实现认证与授权

创建用户服务类CustomUserDetailsService：

@Service
public class CustomUserDetailsService implements UserDetailsService {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Override
    public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {
        User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username)
                .orElseThrow(() -> new UsernameNotFoundException("User not found with username: " + username));

        return UserPrincipal.create(user);
    }
}

创建认证控制器AuthController：

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/auth")
public class AuthController {

    @Autowired
    private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;

    @Autowired
    private JwtTokenProvider tokenProvider;

    @PostMapping("/signin")
    public ResponseEntity<?> authenticateUser(@RequestBody LoginRequest loginRequest) {
        Authentication authentication = authenticationManager.authenticate(
                new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                        loginRequest.getUsername(),
                        loginRequest.getPassword()
                )
        );

        SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authentication);
        String jwt = tokenProvider.generateToken(authentication);
        return ResponseEntity.ok(new JwtAuthenticationResponse(jwt));
    }
}