Node.js Express 项目现代化打包部署全指南

news2025/5/23 3:14:34

Node.js Express 项目现代化打包部署全指南

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一、项目准备阶段

1.1 依赖管理优化

# 生产依赖安装（示例）
npm install express mongoose dotenv compression helmet

# 开发依赖安装
npm install nodemon eslint @types/node --save-dev

1.2 环境变量配置

// .env.production
MONGODB_URI=mongodb+srv://<user>:<password>@cluster0.example.mongodb.net/production
JWT_SECRET=prod_secure_key_here
PORT=8080
NODE_ENV=production

二、核心打包流程

2.1 构建脚本配置

{
  "scripts": {
    "build": "npm run lint && npm audit",
    "start:prod": "NODE_ENV=production node ./bin/www",
    "lint": "eslint 'src/**/*.js' --fix"
  }
}

2.2 静态资源优化

// 生产环境配置
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
  app.use(express.static('public', {
    maxAge: '1y',
    setHeaders: (res, path) => {
      if (express.static.mime.lookup(path) === 'text/html') {
        res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=0')
      }
    }
  }))
}

三、生产环境部署

3.1 PM2 进程管理

# 安装PM2
npm install pm2 -g

# 集群模式启动
pm2 start ./bin/www -i max --name "express-api"

3.2 数据库连接优化

mongoose.connect(process.env.MONGODB_URI, {
  useNewUrlParser: true,
  useUnifiedTopology: true,
  serverSelectionTimeoutMS: 5000,
  socketTimeoutMS: 45000
})

mongoose.connection.on('error', err => {
  console.error('MongoDB连接异常:', err)
  process.exit(1)
})

四、进阶部署方案

4.1 Docker 容器化部署

FROM node:18-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install --production
COPY . .
EXPOSE 8080
CMD [ "npm", "run", "start:prod" ]

4.2 Nginx 反向代理配置

upstream nodejs_backend {
  server localhost:8080;
  keepalive 32;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  location / {
    proxy_pass http://nodejs_backend;
    proxy_http_version 1.1;
    proxy_set_header Connection "";
  }
}

五、自动化部署策略

5.1 GitHub Actions 配置

name: CI/CD Pipeline
on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run build
      - name: Deploy to Server
        uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v0.1.10
        with:
          host: ${{ secrets.PROD_HOST }}
          username: ${{ secrets.SSH_USER }}
          key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }}
          script: |
            cd /var/www/express-app
            git pull origin main
            npm install --production
            pm2 reload all

六、安全与监控

const helmet = require('helmet')
const rateLimit = require('express-rate-limit')

// 安全头设置
app.use(helmet({
  contentSecurityPolicy: {
    directives: {
      defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
      scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"]
    }
  }
}))

// 请求限流
const limiter = rateLimit({
  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15分钟
  max: 100 // 每个IP限制100个请求
})