Python学习从0开始——项目一day01爬虫

一、导入代码
二、使用的核心库
三、功能测试
- 3.1初始代码
- 3.2新建文件
- 3.3代码调试
四、页面元素解析
- 4.1网页
- 4.2修改代码
- 4.3子页面
- 4.4修改代码

一、导入代码

在Inscode新建一个python类型的项目，然后打开终端，粘贴以下代码，回车clone项目。

git clone https://gitee.com/52itstyle/Python.git

这个是gitee上找的一个python项目，项目源地址。

二、使用的核心库

requests库是第三方库，使用其提供的API比使用python自带的urllib更为简洁，且能够处理多种HTTP请求，功能也很强大。

#导入requests库
import requests
#导入文件操作库
import os
#bs4全名BeautifulSoup，是编写python爬虫常用库之一，主要用来解析html标签。
import bs4
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
#基础类库
import sys
#Python 3.x 解决中文编码问题
import importlib
importlib.reload(sys)

三、功能测试

3.1初始代码

初始代码位置：Python/Day01/脚本，打开终端运行命令：

#切换目录
cd Python/Day01/脚本
#输出
/root/Python_02/Python/Day01/脚本
#运行脚本
python3 mzitu_linux.py
#输出报错
File "/root/Python_02/Python/Day01/脚本/mzitu_linux.py", line 21
    save_path = '/mnt/data/mzitu'
                ^
SyntaxError: invalid non-printable character U+200B

#打开mzitu_linux.py文件，定位原代码21行，修改save_path
save_path ='./picture'
#打开56、68、72行的注释

#重新运行
python3 mzitu_linux.py
#很慢，把网址复制到浏览器直接拒绝访问
键盘Ctrl+C组合停止运行

3.2新建文件

在脚本的同级目录下新进learn文件夹，新建spider.py文件，将mzitu_linux.py里的内容复制过来

3.3代码调试

#问题一：网站不可访问。解决：修改爬图地址
#定位代码18行
mziTu = 'https://image.baidu.com/'

#终端执行
cd ../
cd learn/
python3 spider.py
#输出报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/root/Python_02/Python/Day01/learn/spider.py", line 106, in <module>
    main()
  File "/root/Python_02/Python/Day01/learn/spider.py", line 90, in main
    img_max = soup.find('div', class_='nav-links').find_all('a')[3].text
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find_all'

以上报错是正常的，切换爬取网站后，页面元素的解析肯定会发生改变，接下来一步步修改解析。

四、页面元素解析

4.1网页

#进入百度图片的网址
https://image.baidu.com/

键盘F12调出控制台，切换到Element标签页，组合键Ctrl+Shift+C选中合辑的图片，然后审查元素。
在这里插入图片描述
选中’<a>'标签，右键copy>copy emelemt审查元素，关注target和href

<a class="bd-home-content-album-item             
" target="_blank" href="https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&amp;word=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98&amp;fr=searchindex_album%20&amp;album_tab=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&amp;album_id=7&amp;rn=30" data-type="0"> 
	<div class="bd-home-content-album-item-pic" style="background-image: url(https://t7.baidu.com/it/u=1595072465,3644073269&amp;fm=193&amp;f=GIF); background-color: #EACFC5"> 
	</div> 
	<div class="bd-home-content-album-item-inner-border"></div> 
	<div class="bd-home-content-album-item-title"> 城市建筑摄影专题  </div> 
</a>

选中’<a>'标签，右键copy>copy selector复制选择器

#bd-home-content-album > a:nth-child(1)

由以上可推：根据元素的唯一id：‘bd-home-content-album’可以找到’<div>‘标签内的所有’<a>‘标签，当前复制的’<a>‘标签是其父元素的第一个子’<a>'元素。

4.2修改代码

#修改39行
# 获取页面的栏目地址
    all_a = soup_sub.find('div',id='bd-home-content-album').find_all('a',target='_blank')
# 修改主方法，此页面无分页
def main():
    res = requests.get(mziTu, headers=headers)
    # 使用自带的html.parser解析
    soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, 'html.parser')
    # 创建文件夹
    createFile(save_path)
    file = save_path
    createFile(file)
    print("开始执行")
    download(mziTu, file)

切换到终端，运行脚本：

python3 spider.py 
#输出报错
开始执行
内页第几页：2
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E6%B8%90%E5%8F%98%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%8F%92%E7%94%BB&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E7%B4%A0%E6%9D%90&album_id=409&rn=30
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find_all'
内页第几页：4
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E5%AE%A0%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&album_id=688&rn=30
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find_all'
内页第几页：6
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumslist?tn=albumslist&word=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&album_tab=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&rn=15&fr=searchindex_album
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find_all'

父页面解析的元素和初始代码不同，子页面也不同，继续修改。

4.3子页面

复制打印的套图地址进入子页面，同样的操作，定位子页面图片：

<a class="albumsdetail-item" href="/search/detail?tn=baiduimagedetail&amp;word=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98&amp;album_tab=%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&amp;album_id=7&amp;ie=utf-8&amp;fr=albumsdetail&amp;cs=1595072465,3644073269&amp;pi=3977&amp;pn=0&amp;ic=0&amp;objurl=https%3A%2F%2Ft7.baidu.com%2Fit%2Fu%3D1595072465%2C3644073269%26fm%3D193%26f%3DGIF" target="_blank" data-index="0" width="310.4" style="width: 310.4px; height: 310px;">
	<img class="albumsdetail-item-img" src="https://t7.baidu.com/it/u=1595072465,3644073269&amp;fm=193&amp;f=GIF" style="width: 310.4px; height: 310px; background-color: rgb(234, 207, 197);">
	<div class="albumsdetail-item-inner-border"></div>
</a>

元素选择器：

#imgList > div:nth-child(1) > a:nth-child(1)

数量元素选择器：

#bd-albumsdetail-content > div.albumsdetail-cover.clearfix > div.albumsdetail-info > div.albumsdetail-info-text > p.albumsdetail-info-num > span

4.4修改代码

#修改53行，也可以根据元素去获取这个数值，在这不是重点，直接赋值了
# 获取套图的最大数量
                pic_max = "791"
#修改62行
                    img = soup_sub_2.find('div',id='imgList').find('img')

#切换终端执行代码
python3 spider.py 
#输出报错
开始执行
内页第几页：2
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E6%B8%90%E5%8F%98%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%8F%92%E7%94%BB&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E7%B4%A0%E6%9D%90&album_id=409&rn=30
套图数量：791
子内页第几页：1
https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E6%B8%90%E5%8F%98%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%8F%92%E7%94%BB&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E7%B4%A0%E6%9D%90&album_id=409&rn=30/1
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find'
内页第几页：4
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E5%AE%A0%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&album_id=688&rn=30
套图数量：791
子内页第几页：1
https://image.baidu.com/search/albumsdetail?tn=albumsdetail&word=%E5%AE%A0%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&fr=albumslist&album_tab=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&album_id=688&rn=30/1
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find'
内页第几页：6
套图地址：https://image.baidu.com/search/albumslist?tn=albumslist&word=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&album_tab=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&rn=15&fr=searchindex_album
套图数量：791
子内页第几页：1
https://image.baidu.com/search/albumslist?tn=albumslist&word=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&album_tab=%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9&rn=15&fr=searchindex_album/1
'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find'

明明已经根据元素选择器来查找了，为什么没有找到元素呢？打印父元素看看：

#63行插入打印父元素
                    print(soup_sub_2.find('div',id='bd-albumsdetail-content'))

#终端执行
python3 spider.py 
#输出
<div id="bd-albumsdetail-content">
</div>

问题找到了，根本原因是该div内的元素是在运行时动态渲染和加载的，造成我们通过浏览器访问是能看到该元素的，但是爬虫爬不到。这就需要我们另想办法解决。
是否是动态渲染，我们可以更早的发现：

打开控制台，切换到network，可以看到多次发送的请求，这些请求网址实际上来自

查看第一条请求的返回值，随便选择一条发送图片的请求复制参数，在response页Ctrl+F调出搜索框，定位返回值所在位置。

详细数据如下，稍微调整了一下格式：

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{\x22pid\x22:4001,\x22width\x22:1200,\x22height\x22:800,\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,\x22oriheight\x22:800,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=3646282624,1156077026&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/810999167\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x223646282624,1156077026\x22},
{\x22pid\x22:4002,\x22width\x22:1200,\x22height\x22:797,\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,\x22oriheight\x22:797,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=4158958181,280757487&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/810880655\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x224158958181,280757487\x22},
{\x22pid\x22:4003,\x22width\x22:1200,\x22height\x22:800,\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,\x22oriheight\x22:800,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=2371362259,3988640650&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/809782065\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x222371362259,3988640650\x22},
{\x22pid\x22:4004,\x22width\x22:800,\x22height\x22:1200,\x22oriwidth\x22:800,\x22oriheight\x22:1200,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=355704943,1318565630&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/810998065\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x22355704943,1318565630\x22},
{\x22pid\x22:4005,\x22width\x22:1200,\x22height\x22:800,\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,\x22oriheight\x22:800,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=655876807,3707807800&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/809770741\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x22655876807,3707807800\x22},
{\x22pid\x22:4006,\x22width\x22:1200,\x22height\x22:800,\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,\x22oriheight\x22:800,\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=1423490396,3473826719&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,\x22fromUrl\x22:\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/811796379\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x221423490396,3473826719\x22}]',

拿出一条数据来看：

{\x22pid\x22:4006,
\x22width\x22:1200,
\x22height\x22:800,
\x22oriwidth\x22:1200,
\x22oriheight\x22:800,
\x22thumbnailUrl\x22:
\x22https:\\\/\\\/t7.baidu.com\\\/it\\\/u=1423490396,3473826719&fm=193&f=GIF\x22,
\x22fromUrl\x22:
\x22https:\\\/\\\/www.vcg.com\\\/creative\\\/811796379\x22,\x22contSign\x22:\x221423490396,3473826719\x22}]',