ss是Socket Statistics的缩写。顾名思义,ss命令可以用来获取socket统计信息,它可以显示和netstat类似的内容。但ss的优势在于它能够显示更多更详细的有关TCP和连接状态的信息,而且比netstat更快速更高效。
当服务器的socket连接数量变得非常大时,无论是使用netstat命令还是直接cat /proc/net/tcp,执行速度都会很慢。可能你不会有切身的感受,但请相信我,当服务器维持的连接达到上万个的时候,使用netstat等于浪费 生命,而用ss才是节省时间。
天下武功唯快不破。ss快的秘诀在于,它利用到了TCP协议栈中tcp_diag。tcp_diag是一个用于分析统计的模块,可以获得Linux 内核中第一手的信息,这就确保了ss的快捷高效。当然,如果你的系统中没有tcp_diag,ss也可以正常运行,只是效率会变得稍慢。(但仍然比 netstat要快。)
1.命令格式:
ss [参数]
ss [参数] [过滤]
2.命令功能:
ss(Socket Statistics的缩写)命令可以用来获取 socket统计信息,此命令输出的结果类似于 netstat输出的内容,但它能显示更多更详细的 TCP连接状态的信息,且比 netstat 更快速高效。它使用了 TCP协议栈中 tcp_diag(是一个用于分析统计的模块),能直接从获得第一手内核信息,这就使得 ss命令快捷高效。在没有 tcp_diag,ss也可以正常运行。
3.命令参数:
-h, --help 帮助信息
-V, --version 程序版本信息
-n, --numeric 不解析服务名称
-r, --resolve 解析主机名
-a, --all 显示所有套接字(sockets)
-l, --listening 显示监听状态的套接字(sockets)
-o, --options 显示计时器信息
-e, --extended 显示详细的套接字(sockets)信息
-m, --memory 显示套接字(socket)的内存使用情况
-p, --processes 显示使用套接字(socket)的进程
-i, --info 显示 TCP内部信息
-s, --summary 显示套接字(socket)使用概况
-4, --ipv4 仅显示IPv4的套接字(sockets)
-6, --ipv6 仅显示IPv6的套接字(sockets)
-0, --packet 显示 PACKET 套接字(socket)
-t, --tcp 仅显示 TCP套接字(sockets)
-u, --udp 仅显示 UCP套接字(sockets)
-d, --dccp 仅显示 DCCP套接字(sockets)
-w, --raw 仅显示 RAW套接字(sockets)
-x, --unix 仅显示 Unix套接字(sockets)
-f, --family=FAMILY 显示 FAMILY类型的套接字(sockets),FAMILY可选,支持 unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink
-A, --query=QUERY, --socket=QUERY
QUERY := {all|inet|tcp|udp|raw|unix|packet|netlink}[,QUERY]
-D, --diag=FILE 将原始TCP套接字(sockets)信息转储到文件
-F, --filter=FILE 从文件中都去过滤器信息
FILTER := [ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]
4.使用实例:
实例1:显示TCP连接
命令:
ss -t -a
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -t -a
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 LISTEN     0      0                                         127.0.0.1:smux                                               *:*       
 LISTEN     0      0                                                 *:3690                                               *:*       
 LISTEN     0      0                                                 *:ssh                                                *:*       
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.120.204:ssh                                        10.2.0.68:49368   
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
实例2:显示 Sockets 摘要
命令:
ss -s
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -s
 Total: 34 (kernel 48)
 TCP:   4 (estab 1, closed 0, orphaned 0, synrecv 0, timewait 0/0), ports 3
 Transport Total     IP        IPv6
 *         48        -         -        
 RAW       0         0         0        
 UDP       5         5         0        
 TCP       4         4         0        
 INET      9         9         0        
 FRAG      0         0         0        
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
列出当前的established, closed, orphaned and waiting TCP sockets
实例3:列出所有打开的网络连接端口
命令:
ss -l
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -l
 Recv-Q Send-Q                                     Local Address:Port                                         Peer Address:Port   
 0      0                                              127.0.0.1:smux                                                    *:*       
 0      0                                                      *:3690                                                    *:*       
 0      0                                                      *:ssh                                                     *:*       
 [root@localhost ~]#  

说明:
实例4:查看进程使用的socket
命令:
ss -pl
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -pl
 Recv-Q Send-Q                                     Local Address:Port                                         Peer Address:Port   
 0      0                                              127.0.0.1:smux                                                    *:*        users:(("snmpd",2716,8))
 0      0                                                      *:3690                                                    *:*        users:(("svnserve",3590,3))
 0      0                                                      *:ssh                                                     *:*        users:(("sshd",2735,3))
 [root@localhost ~]#

说明:
实例5:找出打开套接字/端口应用程序
命令:
ss -lp | grep 3306
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -lp|grep 1935
 0      0                            *:1935                          *:*        users:(("fmsedge",2913,18))
 0      0                    127.0.0.1:19350                         *:*        users:(("fmsedge",2913,17))
 [root@localhost ~]# ss -lp|grep 3306
 0      0                            *:3306                          *:*        users:(("mysqld",2871,10))
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
实例6:显示所有UDP Sockets
命令:
ss -u -a
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -u -a
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 UNCONN     0      0                                         127.0.0.1:syslog                                             *:*       
 UNCONN     0      0                                                 *:snmp                                               *:*       
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.120.203:39641                                  10.58.119.119:domain 
 [root@localhost ~]#

说明:
实例7:显示所有状态为established的SMTP连接
命令:
ss -o state established '( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )'
输出:
[root@localhost ~]# ss -o state established '( dport = :smtp or sport = :smtp )' 
 Recv-Q Send-Q                                     Local Address:Port                                         Peer Address:Port   
 [root@localhost ~]#
说明:
实例8:显示所有状态为Established的HTTP连接
命令:
ss -o state established '( dport = :http or sport = :http )'
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss -o state established '( dport = :http or sport = :http )' 
 Recv-Q Send-Q                                     Local Address:Port                                         Peer Address:Port   
 0      0                                              75.126.153.214:2164                                        192.168.10.42:http    
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
实例9:列举出处于 FIN-WAIT-1状态的源端口为 80或者 443,目标网络为 193.233.7/24所有 tcp套接字
命令:
ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24
输出:
说明:
实例10:用TCP 状态过滤Sockets:
命令:
ss -4 state FILTER-NAME-HERE
ss -6 state FILTER-NAME-HERE
输出:

[root@localhost ~]#ss -4 state closing 
 Recv-Q Send-Q                                                  Local Address:Port                                                      Peer Address:Port 
 1      11094                                                  75.126.153.214:http                                                      192.168.10.42:4669 

说明:
FILTER-NAME-HERE 可以代表以下任何一个:
established
syn-sent
syn-recv
fin-wait-1
fin-wait-2
time-wait
closed
close-wait
last-ack
listen
closing
all : 所有以上状态
connected : 除了listen and closed的所有状态
synchronized :所有已连接的状态除了syn-sent
bucket : 显示状态为maintained as minisockets,如:time-wait和syn-recv.
big : 和bucket相反.
实例11:匹配远程地址和端口号
命令:
ss dst ADDRESS_PATTERN
ss dst 192.168.1.5
ss dst 192.168.119.113:http
ss dst 192.168.119.113:smtp
ss dst 192.168.119.113:443
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss dst 192.168.119.113
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:20229   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:61056   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:61623   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:60924   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16050                                192.168.119.113:43701   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16073                                192.168.119.113:32930   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16073                                192.168.119.113:49318   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:3844    
 [root@localhost ~]# ss dst 192.168.119.113:http
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 [root@localhost ~]# ss dst 192.168.119.113:3844
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16014                                192.168.119.113:3844    
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
实例12:匹配本地地址和端口号
命令:
ss src ADDRESS_PATTERN
ss src 192.168.119.103
ss src 192.168.119.103:http
ss src 192.168.119.103:80
ss src 192.168.119.103:smtp
ss src 192.168.119.103:25
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss src 192.168.119.103:16021
 State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                Local Address:Port                                    Peer Address:Port   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:63054   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:62894   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:63055   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:2274    
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:44784   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:7233    
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.103:58660   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                192.168.119.201:44822   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:56737   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:57487   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:56736   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:64652   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:56586   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:64653   
 ESTAB      0      0                                   192.168.119.103:16021                                     10.2.1.206:56587   
 [root@localhost ~]# 

说明:
实例13:将本地或者远程端口和一个数比较
命令:
ss dport OP PORT
ss sport OP PORT
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# ss  sport = :http 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  dport = :http 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  dport \> :1024 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  sport \> :1024 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss sport \< :32000 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  sport eq :22 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  dport != :22 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss  state connected sport = :http 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss \( sport = :http or sport = :https \) 
 [root@localhost ~]# ss -o state fin-wait-1 \( sport = :http or sport = :https \) dst 192.168.1/24

说明:
ss dport OP PORT 远程端口和一个数比较;ss sport OP PORT 本地端口和一个数比较。
OP 可以代表以下任意一个:
<= or le : 小于或等于端口号
>= or ge : 大于或等于端口号
== or eq : 等于端口号
!= or ne : 不等于端口号
< or gt : 小于端口号
> or lt : 大于端口号
实例14:ss 和 netstat 效率对比
命令:
time netstat -at
time ss
输出:

[root@localhost ~]# time ss   
 real    0m0.739s
 user    0m0.019s
 sys     0m0.013s
 [root@localhost ~]# 
 [root@localhost ~]# time netstat -at
 real    2m45.907s
 user    0m0.063s
 sys     0m0.067s
 [root@localhost ~]#

说明:
用time 命令分别获取通过netstat和ss命令获取程序和概要占用资源所使用的时间。在服务器连接数比较多的时候,netstat的效率完全没法和ss比。



















