## 实验七微服务综合项目实战零基础全流程本实验基于 **Spring Boot 3.5.x** **Spring Cloud 2025.0.1** **RabbitMQ 4.2.3** **Redis 7.x**带你从零搭建一个完整的电商下单系统**用户请求 → Gateway网关 → 订单服务 → RabbitMQ消息 → 库存服务**并实现限流、熔断、认证等功能。 **⚠️ 重要提示**本实验已废弃 Hystrix已停更改用 **Resilience4j**Gateway 基于 WebFlux不可使用 Servlet 相关配置。---## 一、准备工作环境安装### 1.1 安装 JDK 17- 下载https://adoptium.net/ 选择 Eclipse Temurin 17 LTS- 安装后命令行验证java -version 应显示 openjdk version 17.x.x### 1.2 安装 Maven 3.9- 下载https://maven.apache.org/download.cgi- 解压并配置环境变量 MAVEN_HOMEPATH 添加 %MAVEN_HOME%\bin- 验证mvn -version### 1.3 安装 RabbitMQ 4.2.3使用 Dockerbash# 拉取带管理插件的镜像docker run -d --name rabbitmq -p 5672:5672 -p 15672:15672 rabbitmq:4.2.3-management# 安装延迟消息插件本实验非必须但建议docker exec -it rabbitmq bashcd /pluginswget https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-delayed-message-exchange/releases/download/v4.2.0/rabbitmq_delayed_message_exchange-4.2.0.ezrabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_delayed_message_exchangeexitdocker restart rabbitmq验证浏览器访问 http://localhost:15672用户名/密码 guest/guest。### 1.4 安装 Redis用于网关限流- **Windows**下载 Redis for Windows或使用 WSL- **Mac**brew install redis- **Linux**sudo apt install redis-server- **Docker推荐**bashdocker run -d --name redis -p 6379:6379 redis:7-alpine验证redis-cli ping 返回 PONG。### 1.5 安装 Eureka Server注册中心我们单独创建一个 Eureka Server 模块或使用 Nacos本实验用 Eureka简单演示。 注意Eureka 在 Spring Boot 3.x 中仍然可用但官方更推荐 Nacos。教学场景保留。新建 Maven 模块 eureka-serverpom.xmlxmlparentgroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-parent/artifactIdversion3.5.13/versionrelativePath//parentdependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server/artifactIdversion4.1.2/version/dependency/dependenciesdependencyManagementdependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-dependencies/artifactIdversion2025.0.1/versiontypepom/typescopeimport/scope/dependency/dependencies/dependencyManagement启动类 EurekaServerApplication.javajavaSpringBootApplicationEnableEurekaServerpublic class EurekaServerApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);}}配置文件 application.ymlyamlserver:port: 8761eureka:client:register-with-eureka: falsefetch-registry: false---## 二、项目整体结构创建父工程 microservice-mallMaven 项目packaging 为 pom然后依次创建以下子模块microservice-mall├── gateway-server 端口 8080├── order-service 端口 8082├── stock-service 端口 8083└── eureka-server 端口 8761每个模块都继承父工程的 spring-boot-starter-parent 版本 3.5.13并统一管理 Spring Cloud 版本 2025.0.1。**父工程 pom.xml 核心部分**xmlparentgroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-parent/artifactIdversion3.5.13/versionrelativePath//parentpropertiesjava.version17/java.versionspring-cloud.version2025.0.1/spring-cloud.version/propertiesdependencyManagementdependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-dependencies/artifactIdversion${spring-cloud.version}/versiontypepom/typescopeimport/scope/dependency/dependencies/dependencyManagement---## 三、开发网关服务gateway-server### 3.1 添加依赖xmldependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-gateway/artifactId/dependency!-- 服务发现客户端Eureka --dependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client/artifactIdversion4.1.2/version/dependency!-- Redis 响应式限流 --dependencygroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-data-redis-reactive/artifactId/dependency/dependencies### 3.2 配置文件 application.ymlyamlserver:port: 8080spring:application:name: gateway-serverdata:redis:host: localhostport: 6379cloud:gateway:# 动态路由根据服务名自动转发discovery:locator:enabled: truelower-case-service-id: trueroutes:- id: order-routeuri: lb://order-service # 负载均衡到 order-servicepredicates:- Path/order/** # 匹配路径 /order/**filters:- StripPrefix1 # 去掉 /order 前缀# 限流过滤器需要 KeyResolver- name: RequestRateLimiterargs:redis-rate-limiter.replenishRate: 5 # 每秒令牌数redis-rate-limiter.burstCapacity: 10 # 最大突发令牌数key-resolver: #{ipKeyResolver}# 全局跨域配置注意 allow-credentials 与 allowed-origin-patterns 配套globalcors:cors-configurations:[/**]:allowed-origin-patterns: *allowed-methods: *allowed-headers: *allow-credentials: truemax-age: 3600eureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: true### 3.3 启动类 GatewayApplicationjavapackage com.example.gateway;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.ratelimit.KeyResolver;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;SpringBootApplicationEnableDiscoveryClient // 可以省略但加上更清晰public class GatewayApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(GatewayApplication.class, args);}// 限流 KeyResolver按客户端 IP 限流Beanpublic KeyResolver ipKeyResolver() {return exchange - Mono.just(exchange.getRequest().getRemoteAddress().getAddress().getHostAddress());}}### 3.4 全局 Token 认证过滤器在 GatewayApplication 类中增加一个 GlobalFilter Bean用于简单的 Token 校验。javaimport org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;BeanOrder(0)public GlobalFilter tokenAuthFilter() {return (exchange, chain) - {ServerHttpRequest request exchange.getRequest();String path request.getURI().getPath();// 只拦截下单接口if (path.contains(/order/create)) {String token request.getHeaders().getFirst(Token);if (token null || !token.startsWith(admin-)) {exchange.getResponse().setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);return exchange.getResponse().setComplete();}}return chain.filter(exchange);};}---## 四、开发订单服务order-service### 4.1 添加依赖xmldependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-web/artifactId/dependencydependencygroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-amqp/artifactId/dependencydependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client/artifactIdversion4.1.2/version/dependency!-- Resilience4j 熔断 --dependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-circuitbreaker-resilience4j/artifactId/dependency!-- Jackson 序列化 --dependencygroupIdcom.fasterxml.jackson.core/groupIdartifactIdjackson-databind/artifactId/dependency/dependencies### 4.2 配置文件 application.ymlyamlserver:port: 8082spring:application:name: order-servicerabbitmq:host: localhostport: 5672username: guestpassword: guestvirtual-host: /publisher-confirm-type: correlated # 开启发送确认publisher-returns: trueconnection-timeout: 10000eureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: true# Resilience4j 熔断配置resilience4j:circuitbreaker:instances:orderService:failure-rate-threshold: 50 # 失败率阈值 50%wait-duration-in-open-state: 5s # 熔断后等待 5 秒sliding-window-size: 10timelimiter:instances:orderService:timeout-duration: 3s # 超时时间 3 秒### 4.3 RabbitMQ 配置类声明交换机和队列**必须**如果不声明发送消息到不存在的交换机时会被丢弃。javapackage com.example.order.config;import org.springframework.amqp.core.*;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;Configurationpublic class RabbitMQConfig {public static final String ORDER_EXCHANGE order-exchange;public static final String STOCK_QUEUE stock-queue;public static final String ROUTING_KEY order.stock;Beanpublic DirectExchange orderExchange() {return new DirectExchange(ORDER_EXCHANGE, true, false);}Beanpublic Queue stockQueue() {return QueueBuilder.durable(STOCK_QUEUE).build();}Beanpublic Binding stockBinding() {return BindingBuilder.bind(stockQueue()).to(orderExchange()).with(ROUTING_KEY);}}### 4.4 消息实体类javapackage com.example.order.entity;public class StockMessage {private String orderId;private String productId;private Integer num;// 无参构造、有参构造、getter/setter 省略请自行补充}### 4.5 订单服务类javapackage com.example.order.service;import com.example.order.entity.StockMessage;import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.UUID;Servicepublic class OrderService {Autowiredprivate RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;Autowiredprivate ObjectMapper objectMapper;public String createOrder(String userId, String productId, Integer num) {String orderId UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace(-, );StockMessage msg new StockMessage(orderId, productId, num);try {String json objectMapper.writeValueAsString(msg);// 发送到 order-exchange路由键 order.stockrabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(RabbitMQConfig.ORDER_EXCHANGE,RabbitMQConfig.ROUTING_KEY,json);return 订单创建成功订单ID orderId;} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();return 订单创建失败 e.getMessage();}}}### 4.6 订单控制器注意使用 POSTjavapackage com.example.order.controller;import com.example.order.service.OrderService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;RestControllerpublic class OrderController {Autowiredprivate OrderService orderService;PostMapping(/create)public String createOrder(RequestParam String userId,RequestParam String productId,RequestParam Integer num) {return orderService.createOrder(userId, productId, num);}}### 4.7 启动类javapackage com.example.order;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;SpringBootApplicationEnableDiscoveryClientpublic class OrderServiceApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(OrderServiceApplication.class, args);}}---## 五、开发库存服务stock-service### 5.1 依赖与 order-service 基本一致不需要 web 依赖需要 web 吗不需要对外提供 HTTP 接口但保留也可简化只需 amqp 和 eureka client。xmldependenciesdependencygroupIdorg.springframework.boot/groupIdartifactIdspring-boot-starter-amqp/artifactId/dependencydependencygroupIdorg.springframework.cloud/groupIdartifactIdspring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client/artifactIdversion4.1.2/version/dependencydependencygroupIdcom.fasterxml.jackson.core/groupIdartifactIdjackson-databind/artifactId/dependency/dependencies### 5.2 配置文件 application.ymlyamlserver:port: 8083spring:application:name: stock-servicerabbitmq:host: localhostport: 5672username: guestpassword: guestvirtual-host: /listener:simple:acknowledge-mode: manual # 手动确认防止消息丢失eureka:client:service-url:defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/instance:prefer-ip-address: true### 5.3 消息监听器库存扣减javapackage com.example.stock.listener;import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import java.io.IOException;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;Componentpublic class StockMessageListener {// 模拟库存数据库private MapString, Integer stockMap new HashMap() {{put(product001, 100);put(product002, 200);}};Autowiredprivate ObjectMapper objectMapper;RabbitListener(queues stock-queue)public void handleStockMessage(String message, Channel channel, Message msg) throws IOException {try {// 解析消息com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode node objectMapper.readTree(message);String productId node.get(productId).asText();Integer num node.get(num).asInt();String orderId node.get(orderId).asText();// 扣减库存if (stockMap.containsKey(productId) stockMap.get(productId) num) {int remain stockMap.get(productId) - num;stockMap.put(productId, remain);System.out.println(库存更新成功商品 productId 扣减 num 剩余 remain);// 手动确认消息告诉 RabbitMQ 可以删除此消息channel.basicAck(msg.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false);} else {System.out.println(库存不足商品 productId 请求数量 num);// 拒绝消息并重新入队可选channel.basicNack(msg.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false, true);}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();// 消息格式错误拒绝且不重新入队channel.basicNack(msg.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false, false);}}}### 5.4 启动类javapackage com.example.stock;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;SpringBootApplicationEnableDiscoveryClientpublic class StockServiceApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(StockServiceApplication.class, args);}}---## 六、运行与测试全链路### 6.1 启动顺序1. **RabbitMQ**Docker 容器2. **Redis**Docker 容器3. **EurekaServer**端口 87614. **OrderService**端口 80825. **StockService**端口 80836. **GatewayServer**端口 8080检查 Eureka 控制台 http://localhost:8761应看到 GATEWAY-SERVER、ORDER-SERVICE、STOCK-SERVICE 均已注册。### 6.2 正常下单测试使用 **Postman** 发送 POST 请求- **URL**http://localhost:8080/order/create?userIduser001productIdproduct001num5- **Headers**Token: admin-test- **Method**POST**预期结果**- 网关控制台打印请求日志。- 订单服务控制台打印“订单创建成功”。- 库存服务控制台打印“库存更新成功商品product001扣减5剩余95”。- 客户端收到 订单创建成功订单IDxxxxx。### 6.3 无 Token 测试认证拦截去掉 Token 头发送相同请求 → 应返回 **401 Unauthorized**。### 6.4 限流测试快速连续发送 10 次请求超过令牌桶容量10后会出现 **429 Too Many Requests**网关限流生效。### 6.5 熔断测试模拟库存服务故障1. 停止 stock-service 或断开 RabbitMQ。2. 发送下单请求 → 订单服务调用 rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend 会抛出异常因为无法连接到 RabbitMQ 或队列不存在。在 OrderService 中我们直接捕获异常并返回失败信息没有实现熔断降级。为演示 Resilience4j 熔断我们可以给 createOrder 方法加上 CircuitBreaker。**改进 order-service 的 OrderService**javaimport io.github.resilience4j.circuitbreaker.annotation.CircuitBreaker;Servicepublic class OrderService {// ...CircuitBreaker(name orderService, fallbackMethod createOrderFallback)public String createOrder(String userId, String productId, Integer num) {// 原有代码}public String createOrderFallback(String userId, String productId, Integer num, Throwable t) {return 订单创建失败库存服务暂时不可用请稍后重试;}}并在启动类添加 EnableCircuitBreakerResilience4j 需要 EnableCircuitBreaker 或直接使用配置。重新测试当 RabbitMQ 不可用时会进入降级方法。---## 七、常见问题与解决方案零基础必看| 问题现象 | 可能原因及解决方法 || ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- || Gateway 启动报错 | 1. 检查是否引入了 spring-boot-starter-web与 WebFlux 冲突删除之。br2. 检查 Redis 是否启动限流需要 Redis。 || 请求返回 404 | Gateway 路由断言路径写错或者 StripPrefix 导致转发路径错误或者下游服务未启动。 || 消息发送成功但库存未扣减 | 1. 确认 RabbitMQ 交换机、队列是否存在登录管理界面查看。br2. 确认路由键与监听器一致。 || 库存重复扣减 | 消费者未使用手动确认acknowledge-mode: manual导致消息重复投递。需要调用 basicAck。 || 跨域请求失败 | 检查网关 globalcors 配置allow-credentials: true 时不能用 allowed-origins: *必须用 allowed-origin-patterns: *。 || Eureka 服务注册不成功 | 检查 eureka.client.service-url.defaultZone 地址是否正确网络防火墙是否开放。 |---## 八、实验报告要点1. **架构图**画出 Gateway、Order、Stock、RabbitMQ、Eureka 之间的关系。2. **核心配置**粘贴 Gateway 的 application.yml、RabbitMQ 配置类、限流 KeyResolver 等。3. **代码片段**订单服务发送消息、库存服务消费消息、手动 ACK 处理。4. **测试结果**正常下单截图、无 Token 返回 401 截图、限流 429 截图、熔断降级截图。5. **问题记录**记录你实际遇到的错误如依赖冲突、路由失败、消息丢失以及解决过程。6. **思考题**解释 Gateway 限流原理、Resilience4j 熔断与 Hystrix 的区别、为什么需要手动确认消息。---## 九、总结通过本实验你完整实现了- **Spring Cloud Gateway** 路由、限流、认证拦截。- **消息驱动** 订单服务与库存服务解耦RabbitMQ 4.2.3 消息可靠性。- **服务注册与发现** 使用 Eureka。- **熔断降级** 使用 Resilience4j 替代过时 Hystrix。现在你可以启动所有服务验证完整的电商下单流程了。祝实验顺利