Cython 的本质可以总结如下Cython 是包含 C 数据类型的 Python。Cython 是 Python几乎所有 Python 代码都是合法的 Cython 代码。 存在一些限制但是差不多也可以。 Cython 的编译器会转化 Python 代码为 C 代码这些 C 代码均可以调用 Python/C 的 API。要使用cython, 先要配置c编译器在windows中配置比较麻烦所以在wsl中使用gcc容器。下载安装cythonC:\Users\lt\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313wsl rootDESKTOP-59T6U68:/mnt/c/Users/lt/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python313# docker start gcc gcc rootDESKTOP-59T6U68:/mnt/c/Users/lt/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python313# docker exec -it gcc bash root6ae32a5ffcde:/# cd /par root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 pip.pyz download cython -d 313 Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple Collecting cython Downloading https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/ac/25/58893afd4ef45f79e3d4db82742fa4ff874b936d67a83c92939053920ccd/cython-3.2.4-cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl (3.4 MB) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 3.4/3.4 MB 18.7 MB/s eta 0:00:00 Saved ./313/cython-3.2.4-cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl Successfully downloaded cython root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 pip.pyz install cython -f 313 --no-index --break-system-packages Looking in links: 313 Processing ./313/cython-3.2.4-cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl Installing collected packages: cython Successfully installed cython-3.2.4 WARNING: Running pip as the root user can result in broken permissions and conflicting behaviour with the system package manager, possibly rendering your system unusable. It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv. Use the --root-user-action option if you know what you are doing and want to suppress this warning.编写源代码和setup.py按照旧版文档 https://moonlet.gitbooks.io/cython-document-zh_cn/content/ch1-basic_tutorial.html的说明编写helloworld.pyxprint(Hello World)setup.pyfromdistutils.coreimportsetupfromCython.Buildimportcythonize setup(ext_modulescythonize(helloworld.pyx))编译扩展root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace /par/setup.py:1: DeprecationWarning: The distutils package is deprecated and slated for removal in Python 3.12. Use setuptools or check PEP 632 for potential alternatives from distutils.core import setup Compiling helloworld.pyx because it changed. [1/1] Cythonizing helloworld.pyx running build_ext building helloworld extension creating build creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.11 x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.11 -c helloworld.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.11/helloworld.o helloworld.c:31:10: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory 31 | #include Python.h | ^~~~~~~~~~ compilation terminated. error: command /usr/local/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc failed with exit code 1 root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# apt install python-dev Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done Package python-dev is not available, but is referred to by another package. This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or is only available from another source However the following packages replace it: python-dev-is-python3 N: Ignoring file debian.sources_org in directory /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ as it has an invalid filename extension E: Package python-dev has no installation candidate root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# apt install python3-dev Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libjs-jquery libjs-sphinxdoc libjs-underscore libpython3-dev libpython3.11 libpython3.11-dev python3.11-dev The following NEW packages will be installed: libjs-jquery libjs-sphinxdoc libjs-underscore libpython3-dev libpython3.11 libpython3.11-dev python3-dev python3.11-dev 0 upgraded, 8 newly installed, 0 to remove and 117 not upgraded. Need to get 7952 kB of archives. After this operation, 36.3 MB of additional disk space will be used. N: Ignoring file debian.sources_org in directory /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ as it has an invalid filename extension Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Get:1 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libjs-jquery all 3.6.1dfsg~3.5.14-1 [326 kB] Get:2 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libjs-underscore all 1.13.4~dfsg~1.11.4-3 [116 kB] Get:3 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libjs-sphinxdoc all 5.3.0-4 [130 kB] Get:4 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11 amd64 3.11.2-6deb12u6 [1987 kB] Get:5 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11-dev amd64 3.11.2-6deb12u6 [4742 kB] Get:6 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3-dev amd64 3.11.2-1b1 [9572 B] Get:7 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3.11-dev amd64 3.11.2-6deb12u6 [615 kB] Get:8 https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-dev amd64 3.11.2-1b1 [26.2 kB] Fetched 7952 kB in 1s (8753 kB/s) debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed Selecting previously unselected package libjs-jquery. (Reading database ... 64928 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../0-libjs-jquery_3.6.1dfsg~3.5.14-1_all.deb ... Unpacking libjs-jquery (3.6.1dfsg~3.5.14-1) ... Selecting previously unselected package libjs-underscore. Preparing to unpack .../1-libjs-underscore_1.13.4~dfsg~1.11.4-3_all.deb ... Unpacking libjs-underscore (1.13.4~dfsg~1.11.4-3) ... Selecting previously unselected package libjs-sphinxdoc. Preparing to unpack .../2-libjs-sphinxdoc_5.3.0-4_all.deb ... Unpacking libjs-sphinxdoc (5.3.0-4) ... Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.11:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../3-libpython3.11_3.11.2-6deb12u6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.11:amd64 (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.11-dev:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../4-libpython3.11-dev_3.11.2-6deb12u6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.11-dev:amd64 (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Selecting previously unselected package libpython3-dev:amd64. Preparing to unpack .../5-libpython3-dev_3.11.2-1b1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3-dev:amd64 (3.11.2-1b1) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3.11-dev. Preparing to unpack .../6-python3.11-dev_3.11.2-6deb12u6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.11-dev (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Selecting previously unselected package python3-dev. Preparing to unpack .../7-python3-dev_3.11.2-1b1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3-dev (3.11.2-1b1) ... Setting up libpython3.11:amd64 (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Setting up libpython3.11-dev:amd64 (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Setting up libjs-jquery (3.6.1dfsg~3.5.14-1) ... Setting up libjs-underscore (1.13.4~dfsg~1.11.4-3) ... Setting up libpython3-dev:amd64 (3.11.2-1b1) ... Setting up python3.11-dev (3.11.2-6deb12u6) ... Setting up libjs-sphinxdoc (5.3.0-4) ... Setting up python3-dev (3.11.2-1b1) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.36-9deb12u13) ...编译出错了在网上查到需要安装python-dev实际上对于python3要安装python3-dev再次编译当前目录下生成一个helloworld.c和helloworld.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so文件。root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 setup.py build_ext --inplace /par/setup.py:1: DeprecationWarning: The distutils package is deprecated and slated for removal in Python 3.12. Use setuptools or check PEP 632 for potential alternatives from distutils.core import setup running build_ext building helloworld extension x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.11 -c helloworld.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.11/helloworld.o x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.11/helloworld.o -o /par/helloworld.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 Python 3.11.2 (main, Apr 28 2025, 14:11:48) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. import helloworld Hello World 在python中import 就执行了。再按照新版文档 https://cython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/src/tutorial/cython_tutorial.html#fibonacci-fun 的说明建立fibonacci.pyxdeffib(n):Print the Fibonacci series up to n.a,b0,1whilebn:print(b,end )a,bb,abprint()setup1.pyfromsetuptoolsimportsetupfromCython.Buildimportcythonize setup(ext_modulescythonize(fibonacci.pyx),)编译插件root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 setup1.py build_ext --inplace Traceback (most recent call last): File /par/setup1.py, line 1, in module from setuptools import setup ModuleNotFoundError: No module named setuptools root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# pip download setuptools -d 313 bash: pip: command not found root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 pip.pyz download setuptools -d 313 Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple Collecting setuptools Downloading https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/9d/76/f789f7a86709c6b087c5a2f52f911838cad707cc613162401badc665acfe/setuptools-82.0.1-py3-none-any.whl (1.0 MB) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1.0/1.0 MB 1.8 MB/s eta 0:00:00 Saved ./313/setuptools-82.0.1-py3-none-any.whl Successfully downloaded setuptools root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 pip.pyz install setuptools -f 313 --no-index --break-system-packages Looking in links: 313 Processing ./313/setuptools-82.0.1-py3-none-any.whl Installing collected packages: setuptools Successfully installed setuptools-82.0.1 WARNING: Running pip as the root user can result in broken permissions and conflicting behaviour with the system package manager, possibly rendering your system unusable. It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv. Use the --root-user-action option if you know what you are doing and want to suppress this warning. root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 setup1.py build_ext --inplace Compiling fibonacci.pyx because it changed. [1/1] Cythonizing fibonacci.pyx running build_ext building fibonacci extension creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-311 x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.11 -c fibonacci.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/fibonacci.o creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-311 x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -g -fwrapv -O2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/fibonacci.o -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/fibonacci.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/fibonacci.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so -新版的文档用到的setuptools模块需要安装安装后就可以编译成功了。import fibonacci是建立fib函数然后用fibonacci.fib()调用就可以了。root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 Python 3.11.2 (main, Apr 28 2025, 14:11:48) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. import fibonacci fibonacci.fib(2000) 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597再用一个计算质数的程序来比较cython和python的效率编译的so大约比原始py文件快了20%。root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 setup2.py build_ext --inplace Compiling primes.py because it changed. [1/1] Cythonizing primes.py warning: primes.py:75:29: Item lookup of unicode character codes now always converts to a Unicode string. Use an explicit C integer cast to get back the previous integer lookup behaviour. warning: primes.py:76:32: Item lookup of unicode character codes now always converts to a Unicode string. Use an explicit C integer cast to get back the previous integer lookup behaviour. running build_ext building primes extension x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werrorformat-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -fPIC -I/usr/include/python3.11 -c primes.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/primes.o x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -g -fwrapv -O2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/primes.o -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/primes.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so copying build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-311/primes.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so - root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# python3 Python 3.11.2 (main, Apr 28 2025, 14:11:48) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. import primes root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# time python3 -c import primes real 0m1.846s user 0m1.687s sys 0m0.199s mv primes.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so primes.cpython-311-x86_64-linux-gnu.so.old root6ae32a5ffcde:/par# time python3 -c import primes real 0m2.271s user 0m2.074s sys 0m0.222s