《Python开发从入门到精通》设计指南第二十八篇Docker容器化部署一、学习目标与重点学习目标掌握Python应用程序的Docker容器化部署方法包括Dockerfile编写、镜像构建、容器管理、Docker Compose编排等通过实战案例部署Web应用程序和数据库。⚠️学习重点Docker基础概念、Dockerfile编写、镜像构建、容器管理、Docker Compose编排、容器化部署实战。28.1 Docker概述28.1.1 什么是DockerDocker是一个开源的容器化平台用于快速构建、部署和运行应用程序。Docker通过容器技术实现了应用程序的隔离和标准化提高了开发和部署的效率。28.1.2 Docker的优势轻量级容器是轻量级的启动速度快资源消耗小。可移植性容器可以在不同的环境中运行保持一致的行为。隔离性每个容器都是独立的相互隔离避免了环境冲突。自动化通过Dockerfile和Docker Compose实现自动化部署。28.2 Docker基础概念28.2.1 镜像Image镜像是一个只读的模板用于创建容器。镜像包含了应用程序和其依赖的所有组件。28.2.2 容器Container容器是镜像的一个运行实例。每个容器都是独立的相互隔离。28.2.3 仓库Repository仓库是用于存储镜像的地方。Docker Hub是一个公共的镜像仓库用户可以上传和下载镜像。28.3 Docker安装28.3.1 安装Docker# Ubuntu/Debiansudoapt-getupdatesudoapt-getinstalldocker.io# CentOSsudoyuminstalldocker# macOSbrewinstalldocker# Windows下载Docker Desktop安装包并安装28.3.2 验证安装docker--version28.4 Dockerfile编写28.4.1 基本语法# 基础镜像 FROM python:3.9-slim-buster # 工作目录 WORKDIR /app # 复制文件 COPY requirements.txt requirements.txt # 安装依赖 RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt # 复制应用程序 COPY . . # 暴露端口 EXPOSE 8000 # 启动命令 CMD [uvicorn, main:app, --host, 0.0.0.0, --port, 8000]28.4.2 常用指令FROM指定基础镜像。WORKDIR设置工作目录。COPY复制文件到容器。RUN执行命令。EXPOSE暴露端口。CMD指定容器启动时的命令。28.5 镜像构建与管理28.5.1 构建镜像dockerbuild-tmyapp.28.5.2 查看镜像dockerimages28.5.3 运行容器dockerrun-d-p8000:8000 myapp28.5.4 查看容器dockerps28.5.5 停止容器dockerstop container_id28.5.6 删除容器dockerrmcontainer_id28.5.7 删除镜像dockerrmi image_id28.6 Docker Compose编排28.6.1 什么是Docker ComposeDocker Compose是一个用于定义和运行多容器Docker应用程序的工具。通过Docker Compose用户可以使用YAML文件定义多个容器的配置并一键启动、停止和管理应用程序。28.6.2 编写Docker Compose文件version:3.8services:web:build:.ports:-8000:8000depends_on:-dbdb:image:postgres:13environment:POSTGRES_DB:myappPOSTGRES_USER:myappPOSTGRES_PASSWORD:myappvolumes:-postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/datavolumes:postgres_data:28.6.3 启动应用程序docker-composeup-d28.6.4 查看容器docker-composeps28.6.5 停止应用程序docker-composedown28.7 实战案例容器化部署待办任务管理系统28.7.1 需求分析容器化部署待办任务管理系统支持以下功能部署Web应用程序。部署PostgreSQL数据库。配置数据库连接。管理应用程序的启动和停止。28.7.2 代码实现28.7.2.1 目录结构todo_app/ ├── app/ │ ├── __init__.py │ ├── main.py │ └── database.py ├── Dockerfile ├── requirements.txt └── docker-compose.yml28.7.2.2 DockerfileFROM python:3.9-slim-buster WORKDIR /app COPY requirements.txt requirements.txt RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt COPY app/ app/ EXPOSE 8000 CMD [uvicorn, app.main:app, --host, 0.0.0.0, --port, 8000]28.7.2.3 requirements.txtfastapi uvicorn sqlalchemy psycopg2-binary pydantic python-jose[cryptography] passlib[bcrypt]28.7.2.4 app/main.pyfromfastapiimportFastAPI,Depends,HTTPException,statusfromfastapi.securityimportOAuth2PasswordBearer,OAuth2PasswordRequestFormfrompydanticimportBaseModelfromjoseimportJWTError,jwtfrompasslib.contextimportCryptContextfromdatetimeimportdatetime,timedeltafromsqlalchemyimportcreate_engine,Column,Integer,String,Boolean,ForeignKeyfromsqlalchemy.ext.declarativeimportdeclarative_basefromsqlalchemy.ormimportsessionmaker,Session,relationship appFastAPI()SECRET_KEYyour-secret-keyALGORITHMHS256ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES30pwd_contextCryptContext(schemes[bcrypt],deprecatedauto)oauth2_schemeOAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrltoken)SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URLpostgresql://myapp:myappdb/myappenginecreate_engine(SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL)SessionLocalsessionmaker(autocommitFalse,autoflushFalse,bindengine)Basedeclarative_base()classUser(Base):__tablename__usersidColumn(Integer,primary_keyTrue,indexTrue)usernameColumn(String,uniqueTrue,indexTrue)hashed_passwordColumn(String)tasksrelationship(Task,back_populatesowner)classTask(Base):__tablename__tasksidColumn(Integer,primary_keyTrue,indexTrue)titleColumn(String,indexTrue)descriptionColumn(String,indexTrue)completedColumn(Boolean,defaultFalse)priorityColumn(Integer,default1)owner_idColumn(Integer,ForeignKey(users.id))ownerrelationship(User,back_populatestasks)Base.metadata.create_all(bindengine)defget_db():dbSessionLocal()try:yielddbfinally:db.close()defverify_password(plain_password,hashed_password):returnpwd_context.verify(plain_password,hashed_password)defget_password_hash(password):returnpwd_context.hash(password)defget_user(db:Session,username:str):returndb.query(User).filter(User.usernameusername).first()defauthenticate_user(db:Session,username:str,password:str):userget_user(db,username)ifnotuser:returnFalseifnotverify_password(password,user.hashed_password):returnFalsereturnuserdefcreate_user(db:Session,username:str,password:str):hashed_passwordget_password_hash(password)userUser(usernameusername,hashed_passwordhashed_password)db.add(user)db.commit()db.refresh(user)returnuserdefcreate_access_token(data:dict,expires_delta:timedeltaNone):to_encodedata.copy()ifexpires_delta:expiredatetime.utcnow()expires_deltaelse:expiredatetime.utcnow()timedelta(minutes15)to_encode.update({exp:expire})encoded_jwtjwt.encode(to_encode,SECRET_KEY,algorithmALGORITHM)returnencoded_jwtasyncdefget_current_user(token:strDepends(oauth2_scheme),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):credentials_exceptionHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,detailCould not validate credentials,headers{WWW-Authenticate:Bearer},)try:payloadjwt.decode(token,SECRET_KEY,algorithms[ALGORITHM])username:strpayload.get(sub)ifusernameisNone:raisecredentials_exceptionexceptJWTError:raisecredentials_exception userget_user(db,usernameusername)ifuserisNone:raisecredentials_exceptionreturnuserapp.post(/token)asyncdeflogin(form_data:OAuth2PasswordRequestFormDepends(),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):userauthenticate_user(db,form_data.username,form_data.password)ifnotuser:raiseHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,detailIncorrect username or password,headers{WWW-Authenticate:Bearer},)access_token_expirestimedelta(minutesACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)access_tokencreate_access_token(data{sub:user.username},expires_deltaaccess_token_expires)return{access_token:access_token,token_type:bearer}app.post(/users/)asyncdefregister(username:str,password:str,db:SessionDepends(get_db)):userget_user(db,username)ifuser:raiseHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,detailUsername already registered)usercreate_user(db,username,password)return{username:user.username}app.get(/users/me)asyncdefread_users_me(current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user)):return{username:current_user.username}app.post(/tasks/)asyncdefcreate_task(title:str,description:strNone,priority:int1,current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):taskTask(titletitle,descriptiondescription,prioritypriority,owner_idcurrent_user.id)db.add(task)db.commit()db.refresh(task)returntaskapp.get(/tasks/)asyncdefread_tasks(skip:int0,limit:int10,current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):tasksdb.query(Task).filter(Task.owner_idcurrent_user.id).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()returntasksapp.get(/tasks/{task_id})asyncdefread_task(task_id:int,current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):taskdb.query(Task).filter(Task.idtask_id,Task.owner_idcurrent_user.id).first()ifnottask:raiseHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,detailTask not found)returntaskapp.put(/tasks/{task_id})asyncdefupdate_task(task_id:int,title:strNone,description:strNone,completed:boolNone,priority:intNone,current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):taskdb.query(Task).filter(Task.idtask_id,Task.owner_idcurrent_user.id).first()ifnottask:raiseHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,detailTask not found)iftitle:task.titletitleifdescription:task.descriptiondescriptionifcompletedisnotNone:task.completedcompletedifpriority:task.prioritypriority db.commit()db.refresh(task)returntaskapp.delete(/tasks/{task_id})asyncdefdelete_task(task_id:int,current_user:UserDepends(get_current_user),db:SessionDepends(get_db)):taskdb.query(Task).filter(Task.idtask_id,Task.owner_idcurrent_user.id).first()ifnottask:raiseHTTPException(status_codestatus.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,detailTask not found)db.delete(task)db.commit()return{detail:Task deleted}28.7.2.5 docker-compose.ymlversion:3.8services:web:build:.ports:-8000:8000depends_on:-dbenvironment:-DATABASE_URLpostgresql://myapp:myappdb/myappdb:image:postgres:13environment:POSTGRES_DB:myappPOSTGRES_USER:myappPOSTGRES_PASSWORD:myappvolumes:-postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/datavolumes:postgres_data:28.7.3 实施过程编写Dockerfile和docker-compose.yml。安装Docker和Docker Compose。构建镜像和启动容器。测试应用程序。28.7.4 最终效果通过容器化部署待办任务管理系统我们可以实现以下功能部署Web应用程序。部署PostgreSQL数据库。配置数据库连接。管理应用程序的启动和停止。总结✅ 本文详细介绍了Python应用程序的Docker容器化部署方法包括Dockerfile编写、镜像构建、容器管理、Docker Compose编排等通过实战案例部署了待办任务管理系统。✅ 建议读者在学习过程中多练习通过编写代码加深对知识点的理解。