Role of the transport layer
• The transport layer is responsible for providing a reliable end-to-end connection between two application processes in a network
• Abstracting away the physical subnet
• Does not involve intermediate nodes
• Takes a network address (IP) and transport address (port) to ensure packets are received by the desired service
·传输层负责在网络中的两个应用进程之间提供可靠的端到端连接
·抽象出物理子网
·不涉及中间节点
·获取网络地址（IP）和传输地址（端口），以确保数据包被所需的服务接收
Comparison with other OSI layers
• Much of the functionality of the Transport and Datalink layers are the same but with any complex network between hosts abstracted away
• The Network layer is run by communications providers while the Transport layer is run by communicating hosts
·传输层和数据链路层的大部分功能都是相同的，但主机之间的任何复杂网络都被抽象掉了。
·网络层由通信提供商运行，而传输层由通信主机运行
Well known ports
• Well known ports are (usually) assigned to a standard service that a
system offers.
• In combination with an IP, the port is used to move packets from the network to the desired application layer service. An example might be
127.0.0.1:22 for SSH
• This combination of IP + port is called a socket
·众所周知的端口（通常）被分配给标准服务，系统报价。
·与IP结合，端口用于将数据包从网络移动到所需的应用层服务。一个例子可能是127.0.0.1：22用于SSH
·这种IP +端口的组合称为套接字
Transport protocol data unit (TPDU)
• Used to encapsulate transport layer data
• Passed to the Network layer, which is passed to the Datalink layer, which is passed to the Physical layer, sent across a network, then back up the stack and unwrapped
·用于封装传输层数据
·传递到网络层，然后传递到数据链路层，再传递到物理层，通过网络发送，然后备份堆栈并解包
Unicast vs Multicast vs Broadcast
• Unicast is a one-to-one transmission from one node in a network to another
• Multicast is a one-to-many transmission from one node in a network to many selected nodes
• Broadcast is a one-to-all transmission from one node to all other nodes on the network
·单播是从网络中的一个节点到另一个节点的一对一传输
·多播是从网络中的一个节点到许多选定节点的一对多传输
·广播是从网络上的一个节点到所有其他节点的一对多传输
Transport protocols
• There are two commonly supported transport layer protocols
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• UDP is connectionless (also called fire and forget) and consequentially faster than TCP
– Used for real-time services (DNS lookup, online gaming, video streaming)
• TCP is connection oriented and while slower is more reliable
– Used for transfers that cannot fail (email, webpages, file transfers)
·有两种通常支持的传输层协议
1.传输控制协议（TCP）
2.用户数据报协议（UDP）
UDP是无连接的（也称为fire and forget），因此比TCP快。
- 用于实时服务（DNS查找、在线游戏、视频流）
· TCP是面向连接的，速度越慢越可靠 - 用于不会失败的传输（电子邮件、网页、文件传输）
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Designed for “one request, one response” applications where setting up a connection is too much work
• An unreliable transport protocol
• UDP is not very popular but has its use cases
• “IP with extra header”
• Many systems reject UDP on non-standard ports by default
·专为“一个请求，一个响应”的应用程序，其中设置连接是太多的工作
·不可靠的传输协议
UDP不是很流行，但有它的用例
·“IP with extra header”
·许多系统默认拒绝非标准端口上的UDP
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
• Designed to be robust under unreliable internet conditions
• Provides end-to-end connection
• Utilises a 3-way handshake for connection
• Utilises a sliding window protocol for flow control
·在不可靠的互联网条件下保持稳定
·提供端到端连接
·使用3次握手进行连接
·利用滑动窗口协议进行流控制
3-Way handshake
The TCP 3-Way Handshake prevents duplicate connections,and allows the nodes to reject spurious packets
- SYN (sync)
- SYN/ACK
(sync/acknowledged) - ACK (acknowledged)
At this point x becomes the starting sequence number for the sender, and y becomes the starting sequence number for the receiver
TCP 3-Way Handshake防止重复连接，并允许节点拒绝虚假数据包 - SYN（同步）
- SYN/ACK
(sync/确认） - ACK（已确认）
此时，x成为发送方的起始序列号，y成为接收方的起始序列号
Flow control
• TCP operates a sliding window mechanism where each acknowledge includes the amount of data the receiver is now willing to accept.
• A number of measures are commonly employed to ensure that the window size is roughly a multiple of the senders desired segment size.
• Different flow control schemes are one of the main differences between different versions of TCP used today (there are several).
TCP采用滑动窗口机制，其中每个确认包括接收方现在愿意接受的数据量。
·通常采用许多措施来确保窗口大小大致为所需分段大小的倍数。
不同的流量控制方案是当今使用的TCP不同版本之间的主要差异之一（有几个）。
Sliding window
• Sender sends 2048 bits to start
• Receiver’s buffer has capacity so it acks the send and sets the window
• Sender sends the same amount which fills receiver’s buffer
• Receiver acks the send and sets the window to 0 until the buffer is cleared
• Receivers buffer gets cleared 2048 bits so it acks the last send again and sends the new window
·UART发送2048位启动
·接收方的缓冲区有容量，因此它确认发送并设置窗口
·发送器发送与填充接收器的缓冲区相同的量
·接收方确认发送并将窗口设置为0，直到缓冲区被清除
·接收器缓冲区被清除2048位，因此它再次确认最后一次发送并发送新窗口
UDP vs TCP
UDP
• Connectionless
• Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast communication
• No guarantees (packets may be lost, out of order,dropped)
• Faster due to “fire and forget” model
TCP
• Connection oriented
• Unicast communication
• Data delivery guarantees
– Packets arrive in order
– Duplicate packets are rejected
– Dropped packets are retransmitted
• Slower due to connection overhead
• Can deal with congestion
UDP
·无连接
·单播、多播或广播通信
·无保证（数据包可能丢失、乱序、丢失）
·更快，因为“火灾和遗忘”模式
TCP
·面向连接
·单播通信
·数据传输保证
- 数据包按顺序到达
- 拒绝重复的数据包
- 重传丢弃的数据包
·由于连接开销而变慢
·可以处理拥塞
TCP congestion control - slow start
In order to deal with packet congestion,TCP utilises an algorithm called slow start
- Window starts at 1 max segment(TDPU) size
- Doubles window each time an ack is received, exponential increase
- When a packet is lost (congestion), the window reverts to 1 max segment and the process starts from step 1 again
为了处理数据包拥塞，TCP使用一种称为慢启动的算法
1.窗口从1个最大段（TDPU）大小开始
2.每次接收到ACK时将窗口加倍，指数增加
3.当数据包丢失（拥塞）时，窗口恢复为最大1个段，过程再次从步骤1开始。
TCP congestion control - threshold
Another way TCP deals with congestion is by utilising a threshold
- Window starts at 1 max segment(TDPU) size
- State some threshold (e.g. 32k) and double the window each time an ack is received until it is reached
- Once threshold is met, linearly increase window size
- When a packet is lost (congestion) reset threshold to ½ current window and the process starts from step 1 again
TCP处理拥塞的另一种方法是利用阈值
1.窗口从1个最大段（TDPU）大小开始
2.规定某个阈值（例如32 k），并在每次收到确认时将窗口加倍，直到达到该阈值
3.一旦达到阈值，则线性增加窗口大小
4.当数据包丢失（拥塞）时，将阈值重置为当前窗口的1/2，并再次从步骤1开始处理
